An operational amplifier (often op-amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals. Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers, where they were used to perform mathematical operations in many linear, non-linear, and frequency-dependent circuits. The popularity of the op-amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. Due to negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence on temperature coefficients or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself. Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. A small-scale integrated circuit, the 741 op-amp shares with most op-amps an internal structure consisting of three gain stages: Differential amplifier — provides high differential amplification (gain), with rejection of common-mode signal, low noise, high input impedance, and drives a Voltage amplifier — provides high voltage gain, a single-pole frequency roll-off, and in turn drives the Output amplifier — provides high current gain (low output impedance), along with output current limiting, and output short-circuit protection.
